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发表于 2013-12-4 13:12:39
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主讲人 北京外国语大学 何凯文
一．Listening Comprehension：
Part 1 .Short Conversation
几种思维
1． 主题思维：上文提到一件事情（用一般疑问句进行提问），这就是对话主题。下文是肯定或者是否定的回答。掌握肯定和否定的表达方法。
2． 否定思维：评价性否定；事实性否定；邀请性否定
3． 听到什么不选什么的思维：安全感的获得
例题：Eg1. A) Taking photographs .B) Enhancing images.
C) Mending cameras. D) Painting pictures.
听力原文： W: Do you let people know when you're taking pictures of them?
M: I try not to. You know any picture of a person who poses for the camera would look dull and unnatural.
Q: What are the speakers talking about?
Eg2 . A) Get some small change. B) Find a shopping center.
C) Cash a check at a bank. D) Find a parking meter.
听力原文：M: Excuse me, do you have change for a ten-dollar note? I need to pay the parking meter.
W: I'm sorry, but I think you can get it through the money changer in the shopping center across the street.
Q: What is the man trying to do?
Eg3 .A) Shopping with his son. B) Buying a gift for a child.
C) Promoting a new product. D) Bargaining with a salesgirl.
听力原文：M: Can you recommend something that a school boy of 7 or 8 will really like?
W: I'd suggest this toy train, sir. It's an excellent brand, very popular all over the world these days.
Q: What is the man doing?
Eg4. A) He moved to Baltimore when he was young.
B) He can provide little useful information.
C) He will show the woman around Baltimore.
D) He will ask someone else to help the woman.
听力原文
W: I need to talk to someone w ho knows Baltimore well. I'm told you lived there.
M: Oh, but I was really young at the time.
Q: What does the man mean?
Eg5. A) He is rather disappointed. B) He is highly ambitious.
C) He can’t face up to the situation. D) He knows his own limitations.
15.W: Aren't you disappointed that you didn't get the promotion?
M: Maybe a little, but I know I need more experience before I'm ready for that kind of responsibility.
Q: What do we learn about the man from this conversation?
Eg6. A) She bought a new set of furniture from Italy last month.
B) She sold all her furniture before she moved house.
C) She plans to put all her old furniture in the basement.
D) She still keeps some old furniture in her new house.
听力原文：M: Did you really give away all your furniture when you moved into the new house last month?
W: Just the useless pieces, as I’m planning to purchase a new set from Italy for the sitting room only.
Q: What does the woman mean?
Eg7. A) He has got a heart attack. B) He was badly hurt.
C) He was unharmed. D) He has fully recovered from the shock.
听力原文：W: Were you hurt in the accident?
M: I was shocked at the time, but wasn't hurt at all. My bike was totally damaged though.
Q: What do we know about the man?
Eg8. A) John Smith isn't in right now.
B) John Smith can't come to the phone right now.
C) John Smith doesn't want to speak to the caller.
D) The caller dialed the wrong number.
Part 2.long conversation
一、抓住首尾句
【预览选项】
[A] To go sightseeing. [B] To have meetings.
[C] To promote a new champagne. [D] To join in a training program.
【边听边选】
M: Hi, Ann, welcome back. How’s your trip to the states?
W: Very busy, [19]I had a lot of meetings. …
19. Why did the woman go to New York?
二、留意对话中的一问一答
【预览选项】
[A] Data collection. [B] Training consultancy.
[C] Corporate management. [D] Information processing.
【边听边选】
W: What’s your line of business, Mr. Johnson?
M: We are a training consultancy.
25. What is the man’s line of business?
Part 3.Passages
【预览选项】
29. A) Michael’s parents got divorced. B) Karen was adopted by Ray Anderson.
C) Karen’s mother died in a car accident .D) A truck driver lost his life in a collision.
【边听边选】
The impact of the collision killed Karen’s mother instantly, but she was left trapped in the burning car.
【预览选项】
A) Kevin is nine years old B) Kevin is handsome
C) Kevin is single D) Kevin is lack of efficiency
【边听边选】
二．Fast reading：
考察能力：定位能力；答案特征：原文重现和同意替换；尽量用原文回答：
1．German chemicals giant BASF saves ￡200 million a year by ___________.
A) recycling heat and energy B) setting up factories in China
C) using the newest technology D) reducing the CO2 emissions of its plants
At the BASF, such recycling of heat and energy saves the company ￡200 million a year and almost half its CO2 emissions.
2.How much of the power consumed by incandescent bulbs is converted into light?
A) A small portion. B) Some 40 percent.
C) Almost half. D) 75 to 80 percent.
Lighting eats up 20 percent of the world’s electricity, or the equivalent of roughly 600,000 tons of coal a day. Forty percent of that powers old-fashioned incandescent light bulbs—a 19th-century technology that wastes most of the power it consumes on unwanted heat.
3. The strongest incentives for energy conservation will derive from __________
The most powerful incentives, of course, will come from the market itself.
三．Writing：
内容；结构；语言；
内容预测：参见何凯文博客：http://blog.sina.com.cn/wdhekaiwen
或QQ空间：576728297
新浪微博：何凯文
结构预测：两种结构的文章：正反观点对立型和社会热点型文章；
语言预测：常见句型表达；
开头句式背景句:
1.There is no consensus of opinions among people as to … some people tend to have a favorable attitude toward…While, others have an unpleasant association with…
2. Recently, the issue of ...... has been brought into public focus.
近来，_______的问题引起了社会的广泛关注。
3. Recently the issue of (whether …or not) has been in the limelight（成为引人注目的中心） and has aroused wide concern in the public.
近来，是否_______的问题已经非常明确而且引起了社会的广泛关注。
4. Along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is ....
随着社会的不断发展，出现了越来越多的问题，其中之一便是____________。
5. Now we are entering a brand new era full of opportunities and innovations, and great changes have taken place in people's attitude towards some traditional practice.
现在我们进入了一个充满机遇和创新的崭新时代，很多人对某些传统的看法也发生了很大改变。
6.______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
______已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。
7.In no country other than China, it has been said, is the problem of ____more serious.
中间句式过渡句:
1.Most of us ，however，have formed a different picture of…some people think they are beneficial, while others hold the opposite view.
2.And we rarely reach an absolute consensus on such a controversial issue.
对于这种极具争议的话题，我们很难作出绝对的回答。
3.People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case.
不同行业的人对同一种问题的解释不尽相同。
4. harbor the idea that,
take the attitude that,
hold the view that, 认为
5.Some people take the attitude that …can produce positive effects on us
6.Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing high praise of it.
First of all …Furthermore …What’s more …
7.The other side of the picture is quite the opposite.
8.Others harbor the idea that, …may bring about negative impacts on us.
Those who strongly disapprove of ... have cogent reasons for it.
For one thing ,
For another,
9. There are some factors leading to this problem.
10. A number of factors are responsible for this problem.
11. A number of factors could account for the problem, but the following are the most critical ones.
结尾句式总结句:
1.Perhaps there is an element of truth in both these pictures.
2.As far as I am concerned, I am inclined to be on the side of the former view.
在我看来，我较同意前一种观点。
3.After a thorough consideration, for my part, I am in favor of the former view.
经过深思熟虑，我较支持前一种看法
4. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.
5. For one thing, it is essential that laws and regulations be worked out and enforced to ban/reduce…
6. For one thing, it is essential that laws and regulations be worked out and enforced to ban/reduce…
For another, the public should enhance their awareness of the importance of ….
With these measures taken, it is reasonable for us to believe that the problem will be solved in the near future.
7. 总而言之，我们离不开_______但是同时我们必须尽力找出解决可能出现问题的新办法。
All in all, we cannot live without_______. But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.
8总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注_______问题。只有这样，我们才能_______
In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______. Only in this way can _________ in future.
写作常用角度
四．Reading in depth
解题要诀：主题；定位；句子理解；
主题的强大：
Eg1.主题句：（常常在文章开头出现）
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too.
One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response（免疫系统） was discovered by chance.
题目：1. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader’s experiment was that ________.
A) they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharin
B) the sweetener was poisonous to them
C) their immune systems had been altered by the mind
D) they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning
2. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals ________.
A) can be weakened by mind B) can be suppressed by drug injections
C) can be affected by frequent doses of saccharin
D) can be altered by electric shocks
Eg2. 主题词：weak dollar 美元贬值
52. Why do Americans feel humiliated羞辱?
A．Their economy is plunging B．Their currency has slumped
C．They can't afford trips to Europe D． They have lost half of their assets.
53.How does the current dollar affect the life of ordinary Americans?
A．They have to cancel their vacations in New York.
B．They find it unaffordable to dine in mom-and-pop restaurants.
C．They have to spend more money when buying imported goods.
D．They might lose their jobs due to potential economic problems.
54. How do many Europeans feel about the U.S with the devalued dollar?
A．They feel contemptuous of it B．They are sympathetic with it.
C．They regard it as a superpower on the decline. D．They think of it as a good tourist destination.
55. what is the author's advice to Americans?
A．They treat the dollar with a little respect B．They try to win in the weak-dollar gamble
C．They vacation at home rather than abroad D．They treasure their marriages all the more.
主谓隔离：句子开头的第一个独立名词（前面没有关联词和介词），为句子主语应该和其匹配的动词在一起。
1.But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.现在没有政府的帮助，穷人们也能活的很好，这个实事本身就是一个伟大的胜利
2. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century.工匠在十八世纪被当成是技工或熟练工人，而今天却被当成是艺术家，这个实事可以直接归因于十九世纪的工艺运动
1. 生活时间角度
(1) we have been always considering sth (recreational activities) as something to relax ourselves or something that can add color to the dull routine of every day life.
我们一直认为娱乐活动可以让我们放松，可以为我们每天枯燥的生活增添一些色彩。
(2) Sth will make our life more enjoyable, that is to say, sth can add color to the dull routine of every day life.
Sth可以使我们的生活更加有乐趣，也就是说，sth为我们每天枯燥的生活增添了一些色彩。
(3) For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment
 对大多数人来讲，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源
(4)Furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.
而且，学生生活在自己家中，有舒适的生活，并有更多机会和父母交流，这对他们个性的培养是有利的。
(5) sth, by occupying spare time so constructively, makes a person contented, with no time for boredom.
Sth 很有建设意义的占据了人们的空余时间，使得人们很满足，进而没有时间来觉得无聊。（6）Sth does not occupy students’ too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
Sth 不会占据学生太多的时间.实际上让他们把所有的时间都花在学习上也是不健康的，就如一句俗话所说：劳逸结合。
（7）What‘s more, living in school can save them a great deal of time on the way between home and school everyday, so they would be able to concentrate more time and energy on their academic work.
而且，生活在学校里能节省大量每天往返于学校和家的路上的时间，这会使他们有更多的时间和精力放在学习上。
（8）Furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.
而且，学生生活在自己家中，有舒适的生活，并有更多机会和父母交流，这对他们个性的培养是有利的。
2.知识经验角度
（1）Little by little, our knowledge will be well enriched, and our horizons will be greatly broadened.
逐渐的，我们的知识会得到增加，我们的视野将会大大的拓宽。
（2）For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.
对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老
（3）The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.
大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。
（4）Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.
许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点，通过学习，他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识，当他们长大后，这些对他们就业是大有好处的。
（5）By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.
通过做一份和专业相关的工作，学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。
（6）Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.
现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。
（7）In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.
 首先，额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后，从事一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常重要的。
3.环境健康角度
（1）Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that some certain sports contribute directly to our health by giving us some physical exercises.
现在越来越多的人开始相信体育锻炼能有助于身体健康。
（2）As a matter of fact, travel has become part of our life. This situation is encouraging, for it not only broadens people's minds to the extend which may not be reached previously, but also relaxes them physically, which help people work out mental problems more actively.
实际上，旅行已经成为我们生活的一个部分，这样的情形是喜人的，因为旅行不仅可以拓宽人们的视野达到之前没有达到的范围，而且还可以在身体上得到放松，这能使人们更加积极的克服心理问题。
(3) Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.
 污染对我们的生存造成巨大威胁。
 Some of the…are poisonous and dangerous to health.
（4）Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.
 环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。
(5)…Under considerable pressure from… therefore…will only add to their burden.
在这样的压力之下，所以会增加他们的负担。
(6) I see three kinds of pressure working on people today: pressure from education, family and career. It is easy to blame the school for charging too much money, the family members for the heavy burden, the society for the fierce competition. I think people should relax. It is important for them to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances.
我能看到今天人们身上的三种压力，教育的压力，家庭和职业的压力。学校所收学费太贵，家庭成员负担过重，来自社会的激烈竞争。我认为人们应该放松，他们他们来说，在任何环境下保持一个好的情绪是很重要的。
（7）Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.
而且，由于要额外地学习，孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。
4.合作角度
（1）sth can give students team-spirit and teach them how to cooperate with others. Because in those activities, students usually need to cooperate with others in order to get good achievement.
Sth 可以赋予学生们团队精神，并教会他们学会与人合作。因为在这些活动中，学生通常需要相互合作目的是得到提高。
5.科技发展环境角度
（1）In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.
 在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。
运用
（2）Admittedly, this limit has made it possible for the public to realize the importance of environmental protection and enable we Chinese people to cherish the beauty of our communities.
可以承认，这一限制已经使得公众认识到环境保护的重要性，并且使得我们中国人去珍惜我们美丽的社区。
（3）Although many people claim that, along with the rapid economic development, the number of people who use bicycle is decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information I’ve collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.
虽然很多人承认，随着经济的快速发展，使用自行车的人数正在下降，自行车一定会消失。根据我最近几年所收集到的信息使我相信自行车会在现代社会中扮演一个非常重要的角色。
主题句的写法
（4）Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.
 许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用，应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。
由食品安全引发的负面话题：
The past decade of the new century has witnessed a huge development of our country. It also brings some problems. The issue of food safety has become a common concern of the public. There are a couple of factors booming this phenomenon .
Firstly , as dietary habits change to include more meals prepared away from home, the risks of food-borne illness are increasing. For example , chicken , eggs, beef and pork may have some contamination. Secondly , some food producers may even use various chemicals just to make food look or taste good. For instance , the most notorious case involved low quality milk powder, which caused the death of a dozen babies. Miserable as they are , such candle keep happening .
What should we do ?
后面加上在讲义中多次讲到的解决问题的方法就可以了。
偶像崇拜和选秀的问题；
Over the past couple of years, a variety of talent shows have emerged on TV channels across the nation, from Super Girls to Happy Boys and so forth. This type of entertainment program is intensely popular, especially among young adults and has produced profound impacts on their studies and life.
There are a couple of reasons behind the tide. To start with, young folks need role models to learn from. So many of them are crazy for contestants participating in these programs. This gives rise to the increasing emergence of these shows because TV networks naturally need to cater to young audiences. Plus, thanks to economic and political reforms carried out by the government, this crop of young generation have more freedom and desire to express and showcase themselves. Therefore, a growing number of young people desire to get involved in these shows.
This is a divisive topic. On my personal level, the talent show is a superb means of relaxing and amusing and can hugely relieve our strains. As college students, however, we could not afford to indulge in them and should be aware of the utmost importance of studies.
养老的问题：
. Some people shirk their duty of financially supporting their old and helpless parents due to their own interests. What they have forget is that one day they will get old and will face the same situation as their parents are suffering .were there no filial pity, never would we taste the real happiness of modern civilization.
微观角度：
成功标准：
Such aspects, as a spacious house, a decent job or others’ admiration and the like , are all standards to evaluate one’s success .
The most applicable criterion to judge one’s success , as far as I am concerned , is whether one can always hold an optimistic attitude towards life and hold fast to one’s dream.
知识和经验
Little by little, our knowledge will be well enriched, and our horizons will be greatly broadened.
逐渐的，我们的知识会得到增加，我们的视野将会大大的拓宽。
（2）For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.
对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老
（3）The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.
大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。
（4）Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.
许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点，通过学习，他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识，当他们长大后，这些对他们就业是大有好处的。
（5）By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.
通过做一份和专业相关的工作，学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。
（6）Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.
现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。
Say no to plagiarism
1. 在大学校园里面论文抄袭现象常见
2. 造成的危害
3. 如何制止
第一段
第一句：
In no field other than the university , it has been said, is the problem of plagiarism more serious.
还可以写成：
Recently, the issue of plagiarism on university campus has been brought into public focus.
还可以写成：
It is not uncommon that students doing paper plagiarism on college or university campus .
第二句：
The deadline of their papers and lack of the instruction from their tutors make students be more inclined to copy some papers from the internet identically.
第二段
Students who are doing plagiarism will lose enthusiasm of creation. They can hardly find a favorable position in the near future in the more competitive market duet to their lack of originality. what’s more , Plagiarism will definitely hurt the originality-makers. This kind of activity will lead to the decline of the creativity of this society .
第三段：
For one thing, it is essential that corresponding regulations be worked out and enforced to ban this issue.
For another, the students should enhance their awareness of the importance of honesty
What’s more , the faithful academic attitude should be promoted on campus.
With these measures taken, it is reasonable for us to believe that the problem will be solved in the near future.
汉译英专项练习
一、倍数增减的表示法 5
1) Force N1 _______________(比力N2大2.5倍).
is 2.5 times greater than Force N2
（考点：倍数 + 形容词/副词比较级 + than）
2) This substance _______________(反应速度是另外那种物质的三倍).
reacts three times as fast as the other one
（考点：倍数 + as + 形容词/副词 + as）
3) The earth _______________(是月球大小的49倍).
is 49 times the size of the moon
（考点：倍数 + 名词）
4) The landlord _______________(想将租金提高三分之一).
wants to raise the rent by a third
（考点：动词 + by + 数词/百分比/倍数）
5) They _______________(计划将投资增加一倍).
plan to double their investment
（考点：double + 名词）
二、时态 6
1) Be quick, _______________(否则等我们到达教堂时婚礼就已经结束了).
or the wedding will have finished by the time we get to the church
（考点：将来完成时）
2) When she got home, _______________(孩子们已经睡着了).
the children had fallen asleep
（考点：过去完成时）
3) When I prepare for the college entrance examination, _______________(我姐姐将在海边度假).
my sister will be taking her vacation at the seaside
（考点：将来进行时）
4) I_______________(一上午都在修改我的简历).
have been revising my resume all the morning
（考点：现在完成进行时）
5) Do you often go on holiday? _______________(不，我已经有五年没有度假了).
No. It has been five years since I went on holiday
（考点：It has been … since sb. did sth. 表示某人有多长时间没有做某事了）
6) He joined the army in October, 2001. _______________(他参军已五年了).
He has been in the army for 5 years
（考点：1. 现在完成时；2.要用持续性动词才能接一段时间）
三、被动语态 5
1) The blackboard and chalk _______________(正在被电脑和投影机所取代).
is being replaced by the computer and the projector
（考点：被动语态的现在进行时）
2) The book _______________(到今年年底就将已出版).
 will have been published by the end of this year
（考点：被动语态的将来完成时）
 3) Computer models _______________(可以用来演示细胞工作的方式).
 can be used to demonstrate the way that cells work
（考点：1. 被动语态与情态动词联用; 2. 汉语有些没有“被”字等标志词的句子也表示被动, 要译成英语的被动语态）
 4) When the bill of fare was brought, _______________(我惊呆了，价格大大超出了我的预料).
 I was startled, for the prices were a great deal higher than I had anticipated
（考点：同“3”的考点2）
 5) _______________(必须立即采取有效措施)to eliminate sandy storms.
 Effective measures must be taken immediately
（考点：汉语的无主句通常翻译成英语的被动语态）
四、情态动词 5
1) The phone is ringing, _______________(但是没人接听。她一定不在家).
but there is no answer. She can’t be at home
（考点：情态动词可以表示可能性，can’t 表示“一定不”）
2) I can’t find my sunglasses. _______________(我可能昨天落在咖啡店里了).
 I may have left them in the coffee shop yesterday
 （考点：“情态动词can/could, may/might, must + 完成式”用于表示对过去发生的动作的主观判断）
 3) You screamed in your sleep last night. _______________(你一定梦见什么可怕的东西了).
 You must have dreamed of something terrible
（考点：同上）
4) It’s a pity. _______________(你本应该邀请她来参加你的毕业典礼的).
 You should have invited her to your graduation ceremony
（考点：“情态动词should/ought to + have done” 用于评论过去应该做而实际并未做的动作，含有批评的意思）
5) _______________(其实我没必要穿上我最好的套装去参加那次聚会的); most of the guests were wearing jeans and sweaters.
 I needn’t have put on my best suit to go to the party
 （考点：“情态动词needn’t + have + done”表示对过去发生的动作进行评论，认为“无须发生”，“不必做”)
五、虚拟语气 22
 1) I wish _______________(我年轻的时候有你们这样的机会).
 I had had your opportunities when I was young
（考点：I wish后的that从句中用过去完成式表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望）
2) If only _______________(他知道这病是可以治好的)! Then he would not have killed himself.
he had known this disease is curable
（考点：If only 引导的感叹句表示“但愿”或“要是……就好了”，用法与 I wish…基本相同）
3) —— Would you like him to paint your door with yellow stars?
—— I’d rather he _______________(漆成蓝色的，而且不带任何装饰).
painted it blue, and without any decorations
（考点：would rather 后的that从句中用过去式表示不是事实）
 4) It’s high time that _______________(采取措施解决交通堵塞的问题).
 measures were taken to solve the problem of traffic jams
（考点：It’s (about/high) time 后的that从句中用过去式，表示“该是……的时候了”）
5) Hugh usually talks _______________(仿佛在大会上发表演说似的).
 as though he were delivering a speech at an assembly
 （考点：as if / as though引导的从句中用过去式表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑）
6) We insist that _______________(让杰克立刻进医院).
 Jack (should) be sent to hospital right now
 （考点：表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”的动词所接的宾语从句通常用“(that) sb. (should) do”的虚拟形式）
 7) It was advised that _______________(在居民区设立更多的流动商店).
 more mobile shops (should) be set up in the residential area
（考点：表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”的动词所接的主语从句通常用“(that) sb. (should) do”的虚拟形式）
8) His proposal was that _______________(他们成立一个专门委员会来检查这个问题).
 they (should) set up a special board/committee to examine this problem
 （考点：表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”的名词所接的表语从句通常用“(that) sb. (should) do”的虚拟形式）
9) We are going to discuss his suggestion that _______________(取消期中考试).
 the mid-term exams (should) be canceled
 （考点：表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”的名词所接的同位语从句通常用“(that) sb. (should) do”的虚拟形式）
10) It is ridiculous that _______________(我们在一个总是下雨的国家还缺水).
 we (should) be short of water in a country where it is always raining
 （考点：在It is/was +形容词后的that从句中常用“sb. should do”的形式表示建议惊奇等。
 这类形容词常见的有：advisable, anxious, desirable, essential, important, impossible, improper, necessary, proper, urgent, vital, ）
11) It is essential that _______________(每个人都为紧急情况做好准备).
 everyone (should) be prepared for emergency
（考点：同上）
12) _______________(如果他按照我告诉他的办法订票), we would have had quite a comfortable journey.
 If he had booked tickets in the way I told him
 （考点：在非真实条件句中用过去完成式表示与过去的事实相反）
 13) I was to have made a speech _______________(要不是有人把我的话打断了).
if I had not been interrupted
（考点：同上）
14) It didn’t rain last night. _______________(要是下了，地就会湿的).
 If it had rained, the ground would be wet
（考点：在非真实条件句中，当主句与从句表示的动作不是同时发生时，就根据情况用适当的谓语动词形式）
15) _______________(如果我一直住在纽约), I would know the U.S. well now.
 If I had been living in New York
（考点：同上）
16) If the doctor had not come in time, _______________(他现在就不在人间了).
 he would be dead now
（考点：同上）
17) But for his help, _______________(我们就不会以这么低的价格租到房子了).
 we could not have rent a house at such a low price
 （考点：but for经常作为非真实条件句中if的代用语）
 18) I used my calculator; _______________(否则，我会花更长的时间才能算出这道题).
 otherwise, it would have taken me more time to work out this question
 （考点：otherwise也经常作为非真实条件句中if的代用语）
19) Were I in your place, _______________(我会毫不犹豫地抓住机会).
 I would seize the opportunity without hesitation
 （考点：在非真实条件句中如果有were, had, should这三个词，可以省去if，采用主谓语倒装的形式来表示条件）
20) Had it not been for their opposition, _______________(这项法案早就通过了).
 this act would have been passed much earlier
（考点：同上）
 21) Should there be another world war, _______________(人类的继续存在就会有危险).
 the continued existence of the human race would be in jeopardy
（考点：同上）
 22) He walked lightly _______________(以免惊醒婴儿).
 lest he should awaken the baby
 （考点：lest (以免)引导的从句通常用sb. should do的形式表示虚拟）
不定式 10
 1) It was a great achievement _______________(10个月建成一栋24层的楼).
 to complete a 24-story building in 10 months
 （考点：不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语放在句首代替不定式，而将不定式移到谓语后面）
 2) It is necessary _______________(我们在考试前好好地睡一晚上觉).
 for us to have a good night’s sleep before the test
 （考点：有时用“介词for + 代词/名词”来表示不定式的逻辑主语，这时整句的谓语描述的对象是事情，
 这种情况下谓语中常用的形容词有：necessary, important, possible, impossible, all right, essential等）
 3) It is generous _______________(你把这么多钱捐给灾区人民).
 of you to donate so much money to the people in the disaster area
（考点：有时用“介词of + 代词/名词”来表示不定式的逻辑主语，这时整句的谓语描述的对象是人，
 常用的形容词有：bold, brave, careful, careless, cruel, foolish, generous, honest, kind, polite, rude, selfish, silly, stupid, thoughtful, thoughtless, wicked, wise, wrong）
 4) The teacher decided _______________(不惩罚那些上课迟到的学生).
 not to punish those students who had been late for class
 （考点：1. 用不定式结构作decide的宾语；2.不定式的否定形式是在to前加not）
 能带不定式作宾语的动词常见的有：afford, attempt, beg, decide, forget, intend, manage, mean, offer, prefer, promise, ）
 5) Mr. Green was wondering _______________ (是否去看望在法国的儿子).
 whether to visit their son in France
 （考点：“疑问词+不定式”作动词wonder的宾语。
 6) The gardener _______________(刚才警告我不要在中午给花浇水).
 warned me just now not to water flowers at noon
（考点：不定式作宾语补语）
 7) We _______________(请他给我们做有关现代艺术的讲座).
 invited him to give us a lecture on modern art
 （考点：同上）
 8) He feels it challenging _______________(在这么大一所大学做学生会主席).
 to be the chairman of students’ union in so large a university
（考点：动词 + it + 形容词/名词 + 不定式。it是形式宾语，不定式是真正宾语）
 9) We hope to have more opportunities _______________(把我们在课堂上学到的东西应用于实践).
 to apply what we have learned in class to practice
（考点：不定式作定语）
 10) The bad weather _______________(破坏了我们在露天放电影的计划).
 ruined our plan to show the film in the open air
（考点：同上）
七、分词 9
 1) This is the first time that I heard _______________(用意大利语唱“祝你生日快乐”).
 “Happy birthday to you” sung in Italian
（考点：分词作宾语补语）
 2) The cars _______________(停在消防通道的) will be ticketed.
 parked in the fire lane
（考点：分词作定语）
 3) The war went on for years, _______________(夺去了成千上万人的生命).
 killing thousands upon thousands of people
（考点：分词作结果状语）
 4) The farmers used a new insecticide, thus _______________(将平均产量提高了15%).
 raising the average yield by 15 percent
（考点：同上）
 5) Einstein watched the toy in delight, _______________(想推导出它的运转原理).
 trying to deduce its operating principle
（考点：分词作伴随状语）
 6) _______________(看到大家都在聚精会神地看书), we stopped talking and began to study.
 Seeing that everyone was bending over his/her book
（考点：分词作原因状语）
 7) _______________(被这个男孩的事迹深深打动了), they decided to pay for his education.
 Deeply moved by the boy’s deeds
（考点：同上）
 8) _______________(从一个年轻朋友的眼光来看), Einstein was a simple, modest and ordinary man.
 Seen from the eyes of a young friend
（考点：分词作方式状语）
 9) _______________(好久没有收到父母的来信了), he was worried about them.
 Not having heard from his parents for a long time
 （考点：1. 分词作原因状语；2.分词的否定形式；3.现在分词的完成式）
八、动名词 6
 1) _______________(每天洗冷水澡) does him a lot of good.
 Taking a cold bath every day
（考点：动名词作主语）
 2) They tried to avoid _______________(让女儿做她不喜欢的事情).
 making their daughter do what she didn’t like to do
（考点：动名词作动词的宾语）
 3) Developing varieties is the key to _______________(使我们的产品进入国际市场).
 getting our goods into the international market
（考点：动名词作介词的宾语）
 4) It is no use _______________(为洒了的牛奶而哭泣).
 crying over spilled milk
考点：动名词用于固定结构。
 5) He denied_______________(偷看了同桌的试卷).
 having peeked at his neighbor’s test paper
（考点：动名词的完成式）
 6) We congratulated her on _______________(被提升为经理).
 being promoted to manager
（考点：动名词的被动式）
九、非谓语动词用法区别 10
 1) Success means _______________(非常努力地工作).
 working very hard.
（考点：mean表示“意味着”）
 2) John meant _______________(开车去那儿，但他的车出了故障).
 to drive there, but his car broke down
（考点：mean表示“打算”）
 3) I heard him _______________(在跟他的母亲谈话).
 talking to his mother
（考点：强调正在进行）
 4) I heard him _______________(跟他的母亲谈了一个小时).
 talk to his mother for an hour
（考点：强调整个过程）
 5) He jumped into the pool to save the child _______________(结果却摔断了自己的腿).
 only to break his own leg
（考点：意料之外的结果）
 6) He jumped from the burning house, _______________(摔断了双腿).
 breaking his legs
（考点：意料之中的结果）
 7) He was happy _______________(看到父母很健康).
 to see his parents in good health
（考点：不定式作原因状语位于句末）
 8) _______________(看到父母安然无恙), he issued a sigh of relief.
 Seeing his parents safe and sound
（考点：分词作原因状语位于句首）
 9) _______________(跟随着它的脚印), the zoologists spotted the hungry panda.
 Following its footprints
（考点：现在分词强调主动）
 10) The pop, _______________(后面跟着两个保镖), came to meet his fans.
 followed by two body guards
（考点：过去分词强调被动）
十、名词从句 11
 1) _______________(他们为什么离开家乡去云南) is still a secret.
 Why they left their hometown for Yunnan
（考点：主语从句）
 2) _______________(最让我不解的) was that he spoke English so well.
 What confused me most
（考点：同上）
 3) _______________(这么做是故意的) became obvious.
 That this was done on purpose
（考点：同上）
 4) It is not clear yet _______________(谁应该为这件事负责).
 who should be responsible for this matter
（考点：较长的主语从句可以后置，用it作形式主语）
 5) It is none of your business _______________(玛丽与谁订婚).
 whom Mary is engaged to
（考点：同上）
 6) Don’t put off till tomorrow _______________(今天能做的事).
 what can be done today
（考点：宾语从句）
 7) This novel is just _______________(我一直在寻找的).
 what I have been looking for
（考点：表语从句）
 8) It is not yet known _______________(机器人是否有一天能拥有象人一样的视力).
 whether/if robots will one day have vision as good as human vision
（考点：whether/if引导后置的主语从句）
 9) _______________(她是否喜欢那个礼物) is not clear to me.
 Whether she likes the present
（考点：whether引导前置的主语从句）
 10) Finally, the workers got an answer _______________(政府做不了什么事来提高他们工资).
 that the Government could do nothing to raise their wages
（考点：同位语从句）
 11) Obviously, there was little certainty _______________(主席会同意他的提议).
 that the chairman would agree to this proposal
（考点：同上）
十一、定语从句 4
 1) Everyday many tourists come to visit _______________(鲁迅出生的那栋房子).
 the house where Lu Xun was born
（考点：先行词为地点，定语从句通常由where引导）
 2) The old lady died _______________(在她儿子到达的那天).
 on the day when his son arrived
（考点：先行词为时间，定语从句通常由when引导）
 3) This is _______________(我赞成这一改革的理由).
 the reason why I am in favor of this reform
（考点：先行词为reason，定语从句通常由why引导）
 4) Some of the roads were flooded, _______________(这使我们的旅程更为艰难).
 which made our journey more difficult
（考点：非限制性定语从句）
十二、状语从句 4
 1) _______________(不管我们谈论什么), Jim brings polities into the discussion.
 Whatever we talk about
（考点：让步状语从句）
 2) _______________(不管观众中的一些人如何使劲地难为他), the comedian always had a quick, sharp reply.
 However hard some people in the audience tried to upset him
 3) We climbed high _______________(这样我们就可以看到更好的风景).
 so that we might get a better view
（考点：目的状语从句）
 4) You can go out _______________(只要你答应晚上11点以前回来).
 as long as you promise to be back before 11 at night
（考点：条件状语从句）
十三、比较级最高级 4
 1) Does she dance _______________(跟她姐姐一样地优美)?
 as gracefully as her sister
（考点：同级比较）
 2) The buildings look _______________(在伦敦比在这儿难看得多).
 far uglier in London than here
（考点：用副词或词组来修饰比较级）
 3) This is _______________(他画的最好的画之一).
 one of the best pictures that he has ever painted
（考点：最高级）
 4) The higher you climb, _______________(空气就越稀薄).
 the thinner the air becomes
（考点：“越……越……”结构）
十四、倒装句 5
 1) Scarcely had she fallen asleep _______________(一阵敲门声就把她吵醒).
 when a knock at the door awakened her
（考点：Hardly/ Scarcely …when…结构）
 2) No sooner had Anne arrived _______________(就生病了).
 than she fell ill
（考点：No sooner…than…结构）
 3) The husband was not hospitable to the visitor. _______________(他妻子也没说一句欢迎的话).
 Nor did the wife say a word of welcome.
（考点：nor表示“后者与前者一样地不……”）
 4) Only then _______________(那个医生才意识到他的病人需要手术).
 did the doctor realize that his patient needed surgery
（考点：only引导的状语位于句首，句子倒装）
 5) Only when you adjust down your price _______________(我们才能做成这笔买卖).
 can we conclude the business
（考点：同上）
十五、强调句 5
 1) _______________(正是Jefferson写下了) the Declaration of Independence.
 It was Jefferson who wrote
（考点：强调主语）
 2) _______________(作者是带着真挚的情感)praises all that is progressive.
 It is with genuine feeling that the author（考点：强调状语）
 3) _______________(正是因为水涨了)we could not cross the river.
It was because the water had risen that（考点：强调状语从句）
4) _______________(人们听见正是Jim 这个无情的家伙) shouting at his mother in the dead of night.
 It was Jim, the heartless fellow, who was heard（考点：强调主语）
5) _______________(直到我告诉她) Mrs. Williams knew anything about it.
 It was not until I told her that
 （考点：强调状语从句）
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